Early elections in Tobago

IN TOBAGO’S early elections there was considerable focus on the campaigns. During the 1920s, the selection process for Tobago candidates contained features similar to that conducted in Trinidad. Candidates were presented and endorsed by audiences at public meetings.

For example, James A Biggart (an independent candidate) was presented by J Prince at a meeting of the Scarborough Anglican School on September 10, 1924 and the audience, by show of hands, gave their approval. Further confirmation was received at similar meetings at the Moravian School in Moriah and Roxborough EC School.

The labour candidate, Isaac Hope, was endorsed by the Trinidad Workingmen’s Association (TWA). Hope was presented to the electorate at Scarborough and Moriah by Capt Arthur Cipriani and William Howard-Bishop who visited the island for this purpose on October 14, 1924. The supporting speakers included prominent Tobagonians George McEachnie (solicitor and conveyancer) and A Peters (headmaster, Mason Hall RC School).

Labour’s rival, James A Biggart (druggist), who won the Tobago seat both in 1925 and 1928, included in his campaign priorities: extension of the Scarborough jetty, construction of a new jetty at Roxborough, a secondary school for Tobago and daily communication with Trinidad.

At the end of his first term in the Legislative Council, he was complimented for his efforts, which included the introduction of stamping scales and weights at Roxborough, a grant towards a new secondary school, the construction of a retaining wall at Military Road, and the inclusion of Tobago as a port of call for Canadian ships.

Labour candidates also presented plans for the development of Tobago including a post office at Moriah, construction of the Roxborough market, revision of the Teachers’ pension scheme and competitive entry into the civil service.

These candidates in Tobago did not include in their campaign the major political issues raised in Trinidad. Platform speakers focused on infrastructural development and the provision of social amenities for Tobago. Politicians in the island-ward of Tobago had their own priorities, hence the distinctiveness of their electoral focus.

The limited impact of labour in Tobago’s political affairs was reflected in its successive defeats at the polls. In 1925, Hope lost to Biggart; in 1928, Sam F Bonnet was defeated by Biggart and in 1933, GF Samuel (the labour candidate) identified by the Trinidad Guardian as an “unknown,” lost to Hope, who contested as an independent.

Although there was a total of approximately 1,000 members among branches in Bethel, Canaan, Lambeau, Plymouth, Scarborough, Roxborough and Glamorgan, the TWA’s political influence was minimal. This may have been due to the severely restricted assistance given by the association because of its limited resources, which were absorbed in the Trinidad campaigns.

The working class in the island-ward was denied the franchise through the required income and property qualifications. Therefore, reports of large crowds at public meetings were no guarantee of an electoral advantage.

In addition to these factors, the election results in Tobago sent signals to the Trinidad-based TWA that the island was prepared to make its own electoral decisions and even with its one-seat allocation in the Legislative Council it was prepared to resist political interference from Trinidad.

In the case of Hope, he lost as a TWA candidate but later successfully contested the 1933 election as an independent. He thus joined the other independents who dominated the early elections and confirmed the inefficacy of labour in that period of Tobago politics.

The electoral exercise in Trinidad and Tobago during the period 1925-1938 initiated a new era in the politics of the colony. This first contest for seats in the Legislative Council undoubtedly produced an intense campaign and sustained interest from candidates, as well as the electors and those outside the franchise.

Undoubtedly, the TWA with its mass appeal and closely bonded network of branches was the precursor of the well-organised party machinery which was to develop later in Tobago. It was always understood by the advocates of constitutional reform that the introduction of a limited franchise would be the first phase of a process leading to universal adult franchise and political independence.

The limited franchise had been conceded against the background of economic crisis and social unrest following the First World War. It would require another more profound crisis, both local and imperial, to translate the reformers’ hope of universal adult franchise into reality in Tobago.

The loss of the TWA’s candidates in the elections in Tobago demonstrated the independent thinking of Tobagonians and also the reluctance to support a Trinidad-based labour organisation.